Aumenta la presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Estados Unidos

Aumenta la presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Estados Unidos

En 2008, 230 comunidades estadounidenses denunciaron cierto nivel de presencia de los cárteles. En 2011, la cifra ascendió a 1.200

CRISTINA F. PEREDA, reportera 

El País, Washington 7 ABR 2013

Chicago ya tiene su nuevo enemigo público número uno. Pero a diferencia de Al Capone, el gánster más temido de la década de los años 20, la nueva amenaza para la ciudad ni siquiera ha pisado sus calles. Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán, líder del cártel de Sinaloa está considerado como el principal objetivo de las autoridades de la ciudad, en un reconocimiento al avance de los cárteles del narcotráfico más allá de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos. Estas organizaciones están presentes ya en nueve estados no fronterizos, según una investigación reciente de la agencia Associated Press (AP). (abajo en inglés...leer texto de mío comentando el reportaje de AP en mi bitácora
http://fredalvarez.blogspot.mx/2013/04/el-chapo-mas-peligroso-que-al-capone.html

 Decenas de casos pendientes en diversos juzgados del país, datos de la Agencia de la Lucha contra la Droga (DEA, por sus siglas en inglés) y entrevistas con autoridades de las ciudades más afectadas, a los que ha tenido acceso AP, muestran un despliegue de miembros de los cárteles en EE UU, sospechosos de controlar redes de distribución de droga en Estados como Ohio, Kentucky, Carolina del Norte, Indiana, Michigan o Minnesota.

 “La gente piensa que la frontera está a 2.700 kilómetros, que este no es nuestro problema”, declaró a la agencia Jack Riley, director de la DEA en Chicago. “Bueno, resulta que lo es. Estos días operamos como si Chicago estuviera en la frontera”. Según las autoridades norteamericanas, el cártel de Sinaloa distribuye la mayor parte de la droga que se vende en Chicago y en otras ciudades del país, en un mercado que asciende a 60.000 millones de dólares anuales.

Los documentos consultados por AP hablan de conversaciones interceptadas a José González-Zavala, perteneciente al cártel de La Familia y residente en Chicago, desde donde supervisaba envíos de cocaína a ciudades de Illinois, Wisconsin e Indiana. Allí también vivía Jorge Guadalupe Ayala-Germán, quien se declaró culpable de múltiples cargos por narcotráfico. Así como Socorro Hernández, detenida en 2011, y que negó su pertenencia a la misma organización a pesar de que las autoridades de Atlanta, donde fue detenida, le acusaron de ser uno de los miembros de más alto rango de La Familia.

Estos días operamos como si Chicago estuviera en la frontera”

En cuanto a Chicago, los investigadores de la Comisión del Crimen de la ciudad aseguran que hace dos o tres años que detectaron allí la presencia de “representantes” de los cárteles. “Se convirtió en un mercado tan grande, que resultó crítico tener un control firme sobre él”, explica Art Bilek, uno de los responsables.

Sin embargo, otros expertos apuntan a que el aumento de la presencia de miembros del cártel no se corresponde tanto con un desplazamiento de sus operativos hasta EE UU, sino de la mejora de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo por la DEA y la cantidad de información que obtienen acerca de sus actividades.

“Muchas veces esperan durante meses o años para asegurarse que cuando dan el golpe contra ellos, pueden detener a centenares de individuos”, comenta Tony Payan, profesor de Ciencias Políticas en la Universidad de Texas El Paso y experto en la lucha contra el narcotráfico en EE UU. “Eso no significa que haya más actividad, sino que hay un mayor seguimiento de esta”.

 Payan, autor de varios libros sobre los desafíos de seguridad, inmigración y tráfico de drogas en la frontera, afirma que este se ha mantenido estable desde hace bastante tiempo y que ha sido en esa región donde se ha producido la mayor innovación en cuanto a la actividad del narco “cambiando constantemente sus estrategias para introducir la droga en el país”.

 Una de esas estrategias era la de confiar en contactos estadounidenses para superar el límite fronterizo. “Llega desde la frontera hasta Atlanta, Houston, Dallas, Chicago, Los Ángeles o Phoenix”, dice Payan. “Pero alguien tiene que recibir ese envío y se trata casi siempre de miembros de confianza de la organización, que no sean suficientemente reconocibles para las autoridades y que puedan moverse con facilidad dentro de EE UU”.

 De acuerdo con los datos publicados por AP, esas personas serían cada vez más ciudadanos mexicanos con un visado temporal o con doble nacionalidad, pero no estadounidenses. “Tienen que ser personas a las que el cártel pueda acceder fácilmente y que al mismo tiempo puedan ejercer presión sobre ellos, obligándoles a salir del país si hace falta”, dice el experto. Si uno de ellos es identificado por la policía o tiene antecedentes en EE UU, la organización necesitará que salga del país, dificultando su regreso.

 Según la DEA en Chicago, “se trata de la amenaza más seria a la que se enfrenta EE UU en términos de crimen organizado”, en palabras de Riley, su director. Las estadísticas reveladas esta semana citan que en 2008, 230 comunidades estadounidenses denunciaron cierto nivel de presencia de los cárteles. En 2011, la cifra ascendió a 1.200.

 Payan explica que la DEA y otras autoridades estadounidenses luchan contra el narcotráfico con métodos tradicionales como la vigilancia de sus comunicaciones, seguimiento y localización de efectivos, así como el uso de agentes infiltrados en sus organizaciones. Sin embargo, en los últimos años también han adoptado una estrategia mucho más controvertida, como el lavado de dinero que después emplea el narco. Una de esas operaciones, vinculada al tráfico de armas y que intentaba seguir su trayectoria a través de la frontera, terminó hace dos años en fracaso. Después de que EE UU perdiera el rastro a centenares de armas que formaban parte de la operación Rápido y Furioso, del Departamento de Justicia, una acabó siendo utilizada para disparar contra un agente fronterizo.

 “Las autoridades de EE UU saben que con el dinero que están lavando las organizaciones están invirtiendo en servicios y recursos que mantienen sus operaciones”, dice Payan. “Pero es parte del precio que deben pagar en esta labor”. El experto defiende que la DEA y el Departamento de Justicia no pueden “inventarse” pruebas contra los narcotraficantes y que siempre se aseguran de que, en el caso de detención de uno de sus miembros, el juez les dé la razón. “Siempre intentan garantizar que cuando dan un golpe contra estos grupos, sea lo suficientemente grande como para captar a centenares de sus miembros. Y que tendrán que volver a empezar. Son como la Hidra, siempre crece otra cabeza”.

 **

AP IMPACT: CARTELS DISPATCH AGENTS DEEP INSIDE US

By MICHAEL TARM

— Apr. 1 3:17 PM EDT

FILE - In this Oct. 22, 2009 file photo, weapons and drugs seized in special joint operation conducted with the Drug Enforecement Administration against the La Familia drug cartel based out of Michoacan, Mexico and operating in San Bernardino and surrounding counties, are on display at a news conference at sheriff's headquarters in San Bernardino, Calif. Drug cartels have long been the nation’s No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, but in the past, their operatives rarely ventured beyond the border. A wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon, File)

This 2009 photo provided by the Gwinnett County Sheriff's Department in Lawrenceville, Ga., shows reputed cartel operative Socorro Hernandez-Rodriguez after his arrest in a suburb of Atlanta. Hernandez-Rodriguez was later convicted of sweeping drug trafficking charges. Prosecutors said he was a high-ranking figure in the La Familia cartel, sent to the U.S. to run a drug cell. His defense lawyers denied he was a major figure in the cartel. (AP Photo/Courtesy of the Gwinnett County Sheriff’s Department)

In this Feb. 14, 2013 photo, Art Bilek, executive vice president of the Chicago Crime Commission, left, announces that Joaquin ``El Chapo'' Guzman, a drug kingpin in Mexico, has been named Chicago's Public Enemy No. 1, during a news conference in Chicago. Looking on is Jack Riley, right, head of the Drug Enforcement Administration in Chicago and Peter Bensinger, former Administrator of the United States DEA. Ruthless drug cartels have long been the nation’s No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, but in the past, their operatives rarely ventured beyond the border. A wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)

In this Dec. 11, 2012 file photo, Jack Riley, head of the Drug Enforcement Administration in Chicago, points out local Mexican drug cartel problem areas on a map in the new interagency Strike Force office in Chicago. Looking on is DEA agent Vince Balbo. The ruthless syndicates have long been the nation’s No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, but in the past, their operatives rarely ventured beyond the border. A wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green, File)

FILE - This Feb. 14, 2013 file photo, shows a poster displayed at a Chicago Crime Commission news conference in Chicago, where Joaquin ``El Chapo'' Guzman, a drug kingpin in Mexico, was named as Chicago's Public Enemy No. 1, It is first time since prohibition, when the label was created for Al Capone, that anyone else has been named Public Enemy No. 1. Ruthless drug cartels have long been the nation’s No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, but in the past, their operatives rarely ventured beyond the border. A wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green, File)

This photo dated in 2007 from federal court documents provided by attorneys for Jose Gonzales-Zavala shows Gonzales-Zavala with two of his children allegedly taken in Mexico. Prosecutors say Gonzales-Zavala was a member of the La Familia cartel, based in southwestern Mexico, and dispatched to the Chicago area to oversee one of the cartel's lucrative trafficking cells. His defense team entered the photograph into evidence during the sentence stage of his case in arguing for leniency. In 2011, he was sentenced to 40 years in prison by a federal judge in Chicago. (AP Photo/Attorneys for Jose Gonzales-Zavala)

FILE - In this Nov. 4, 2010 file photo, bales of marijuana are wheeled out at a news conference in Jonesboro, Ga. Forty-five people were arrested 45 people along with cash, guns and more than two tons of drugs as part of an investigation by federal and local law enforcement into the Atlanta-area U.S. distribution hub of Mexico's La Familia drug cartel. Drug cartels have long been the nation’s No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, but in the past, their operatives rarely ventured beyond the border. A wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. (AP Photo/Atlanta Journal-Constitution, John Spink) MARIETTA DAILY OUT; GWINNETT DAILY POST OUT; LOCAL TV OUT; WXIA-TV OUT; WGCL-TV OUT

CHICAGO (AP) — Mexican drug cartels whose operatives once rarely ventured beyond the U.S. border are dispatching some of their most trusted agents to live and work deep inside the United States — an emboldened presence that experts believe is meant to tighten their grip on the world's most lucrative narcotics market and maximize profits.

If left unchecked, authorities say, the cartels' move into the American interior could render the syndicates harder than ever to dislodge and pave the way for them to expand into other criminal enterprises such as prostitution, kidnapping-and-extortion rackets and money laundering.

Cartel activity in the U.S. is certainly not new. Starting in the 1990s, the ruthless syndicates became the nation's No. 1 supplier of illegal drugs, using unaffiliated middlemen to smuggle cocaine, marijuana and heroin beyond the border or even to grow pot here.

But a wide-ranging Associated Press review of federal court cases and government drug-enforcement data, plus interviews with many top law enforcement officials, indicate the groups have begun deploying agents from their inner circles to the U.S. Cartel operatives are suspected of running drug-distribution networks in at least nine non-border states, often in middle-class suburbs in the Midwest, South and Northeast.

"It's probably the most serious threat the United States has faced from organized crime," said Jack Riley, head of the Drug Enforcement Administration's Chicago office.

The cartel threat looms so large that one of Mexico's most notorious drug kingpins — a man who has never set foot in Chicago — was recently named the city's Public Enemy No. 1, the same notorious label once assigned to Al Capone.

The Chicago Crime Commission, a non-government agency that tracks crime trends in the region, said it considers Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman even more menacing than Capone because Guzman leads the deadly Sinaloa cartel, which supplies most of the narcotics sold in Chicago and in many cities across the U.S.

Years ago, Mexico faced the same problem — of then-nascent cartels expanding their power — "and didn't nip the problem in the bud," said Jack Killorin, head of an anti-trafficking program in Atlanta for the Office of National Drug Control Policy. "And see where they are now."

Riley sounds a similar alarm: "People think, 'The border's 1,700 miles away. This isn't our problem.' Well, it is. These days, we operate as if Chicago is on the border."

Border states from Texas to California have long grappled with a cartel presence. But cases involving cartel members have now emerged in the suburbs of Chicago and Atlanta, as well as Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Ky., and rural North Carolina. Suspects have also surfaced in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota and Pennsylvania.

Mexican drug cartels "are taking over our neighborhoods," Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen Kane warned a legislative committee in February. State Police Commissioner Frank Noonan disputed her claim, saying cartels are primarily drug suppliers, not the ones trafficking drugs on the ground.

For years, cartels were more inclined to make deals in Mexico with American traffickers, who would then handle transportation to and distribution within major cities, said Art Bilek, a former organized crime investigator who is now executive vice president of the crime commission.

As their organizations grew more sophisticated, the cartels began scheming to keep more profits for themselves. So leaders sought to cut out middlemen and assume more direct control, pushing aside American traffickers, he said.

Beginning two or three years ago, authorities noticed that cartels were putting "deputies on the ground here," Bilek said. "Chicago became such a massive market ... it was critical that they had firm control."

To help fight the syndicates, Chicago recently opened a first-of-its-kind facility at a secret location where 70 federal agents work side-by-side with police and prosecutors. Their primary focus is the point of contact between suburban-based cartel operatives and city street gangs who act as retail salesmen. That is when both sides are most vulnerable to detection, when they are most likely to meet in the open or use cellphones that can be wiretapped.

Others are skeptical about claims cartels are expanding their presence, saying law-enforcement agencies are prone to exaggerating threats to justify bigger budgets.

David Shirk, of the University of San Diego's Trans-Border Institute, said there is a dearth of reliable intelligence that cartels are dispatching operatives from Mexico on a large scale.

"We know astonishingly little about the structure and dynamics of cartels north of the border," Shirk said. "We need to be very cautious about the assumptions we make."

Statistics from the DEA suggest a heightened cartel presence in more U.S. cities. In 2008, around 230 American communities reported some level of cartel presence. That number climbed to more than 1,200 in 2011, the most recent year for which information is available, though the increase is partly due to better reporting.

Federal agents and local police say they have become more adept at identifying cartel members or operatives using wiretapped conversations, informants or confessions. Hundreds of court documents reviewed by the AP appear to support those statements.

"This is the first time we've been seeing it — cartels who have their operatives actually sent here," said Richard Pearson, a lieutenant with the Louisville Metropolitan Police Department, which arrested four alleged operatives of the Zetas cartel in November in the suburb of Okolona.

People who live on the tree-lined street where authorities seized more than 2,400 pounds of marijuana and more than $1 million in cash were shocked to learn their low-key neighbors were accused of working for one of Mexico's most violent drug syndicates, Pearson said.

One of the best documented cases is Jose Gonzalez-Zavala, who was dispatched to the U.S. by the La Familia cartel, according to court filings.

In 2008, the former taxi driver and father of five moved into a spacious home at 1416 Brookfield Drive in a middle-class neighborhood of Joliet, southwest of Chicago. From there, court papers indicate, he oversaw wholesale shipments of cocaine in Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana.

Wiretap transcripts reveal he called an unidentified cartel boss in Mexico almost every day, displaying the deference any midlevel executive might show to someone higher up the corporate ladder. Once he stammered as he explained that one customer would not pay a debt until after a trip.

"No," snaps the boss. "What we need is for him to pay."

The same cartel assigned Jorge Guadalupe Ayala-German to guard a Chicago-area stash house for $300 a week, plus a promised $35,000 lump-sum payment once he returned to Mexico after a year or two, according to court documents.

Ayala-German brought his wife and child to help give the house the appearance of an ordinary family residence. But he was arrested before he could return home and pleaded guilty to multiple trafficking charges. He will be sentenced later this year.

Socorro Hernandez-Rodriguez was convicted in 2011 of heading a massive drug operation in suburban Atlanta's Gwinnett County. The chief prosecutor said he and his associates were high-ranking figures in the La Familia cartel — an allegation defense lawyers denied.

And at the end of February outside Columbus, Ohio, authorities arrested 34-year-old Isaac Eli Perez Neri, who allegedly told investigators he was a debt collector for the Sinaloa cartel.

An Atlanta attorney who has represented reputed cartel members says authorities sometimes overstate the threat such men pose.

"Often, you have a kid whose first time leaving Mexico is sleeping on a mattress at a stash house playing Game Boy, eating Burger King, just checking drugs or money in and out," said Bruce Harvey. "Then he's arrested and gets a gargantuan sentence. It's sad."

Typically, cartel operatives are not U.S. citizens and make no attempt to acquire visas, choosing instead to sneak across the border. They are so accustomed to slipping back and forth between the two countries that they regularly return home for family weddings and holidays, Riley said.

Because cartels accumulate houses full of cash, they run the constant risk associates will skim off the top. That points to the main reason cartels prefer their own people: Trust is hard to come by in their cutthroat world. There's also a fear factor. Cartels can exert more control on their operatives than on middlemen, often by threatening to torture or kill loved ones back home.

Danny Porter, chief prosecutor in Gwinnett County, Ga., said he has tried to entice dozens of suspected cartel members to cooperate with American authorities. Nearly all declined. Some laughed in his face.

"They say, 'We are more scared of them (the cartels) than we are of you. We talk and they'll boil our family in acid,'" Porter said. "Their families are essentially hostages."

Citing the safety of his own family, Gonzalez-Zavala declined to cooperate with authorities in exchange for years being shaved off his 40-year sentence.

In other cases, cartel brass send their own family members to the U.S.

"They're sometimes married or related to people in the cartels," Porter said. "They don't hire casual labor." So meticulous have cartels become that some even have operatives fill out job applications before being dispatched to the U.S., Riley added.

In Mexico, the cartels are known for a staggering number of killings — more than 50,000, according to one tally. Beheadings are sometimes a signature.

So far, cartels don't appear to be directly responsible for large numbers of slayings in the United States, though the Texas Department of Public Safety reported 22 killings and five kidnappings in Texas at the hands of Mexican cartels from 2010 through mid- 2011.

Still, police worry that increased cartel activity could fuel heightened violence.

In Chicago, the police commander who oversees narcotics investigations, James O'Grady, said street-gang disputes over turf account for most of the city's uptick in murders last year, when slayings topped 500 for the first time since 2008. Although the cartels aren't dictating the territorial wars, they are the source of drugs.

Riley's assessment is stark: He argues that the cartels should be seen as an underlying cause of Chicago's disturbingly high murder rate.

"They are the puppeteers," he said. "Maybe the shooter didn't know and maybe the victim didn't know that. But if you follow it down the line, the cartels are ultimately responsible."

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Follow Michael Tarm at www.twitter.com/mtarm .